Transport


 * __CELL VOCABULARY__**


 * MITOSIS** (PMAT)

Prophase---first, longest stage, chromosomes become visible, nuclear membrane disintegrates

Metaphase---chromosomes line up in middle

Anaphase---chromosomes begin to pull apart

Telephase--- chromosomes are at opposite sides of the cell, nuclear membranes form around both sets

Interphase---the period of the cell cycle during which the nucleus is not undergoing division, typically occurring between mitotic or meiotic divisions.

Meiosis--- reduction division that produces haploid gametes

Cytokinesis--- the division of the cell cytoplasm, usually follows mitotic or meiotic division of the nucleus

Mitochondria--- an organelle in the cytoplasm of cells that functions in energy production.

Golgi Apparatus--- an organelle, consisting of layers of flattened sacs, that takes up and processes secretory and synthetic products from the endoplasmic reticulum and then either releases the finished products into various parts of the cell cytoplasm or secretes them to the outside of the cell.

Vacuoles--- a small cavity in the cytoplasm of a cell, bound by a single membrane and containing water, food, or metabolic waste

Lysosomes---a membrane-bound organelle in the cytoplasm of most cells containing various hydrolytic enzymes that function in intracellular digestion

Chloroplasts--- a chlorophyll-containing plastid found in algal and green plant cells

Prokaryotic--- any cellular organism that has no nuclear membrane, no organelles in the cytoplasm except ribosomes, and has its genetic material in the form of single continuous strands forming coils or loops, characteristic of all organisms in the kingdom Monera, as the bacteria and blue-green algae

Chromosomes---a circular strand of DNA in bacteria that contains the hereditary information necessary for cell life

Eukaryotic--- any organism having as its fundamental structural unit a cell type that contains specialized organelles in the cytoplasm, a membrane-bound nucleus enclosing genetic material organized into chromosomes, and an elaborate system of division by mitosis or meiosis, characteristic of all life forms except bacteria, blue-green algae, and other primitive microorganisms

Plasmolysis--- contraction of the protoplasm in a living cell when water is removed

Cytolysis--- the dissolution or degeneration of cells

Osmosis--- the diffusion of fluids through membranes

Diffusion--- the movement of atoms or molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. Atoms and small molecules can move across a cell membrane by diffusion

Eqiulibrium---equality of distribution

Endocytosis--- the transport of solid matter or liquid into a cell by means of a coated vacuole

Exocytosis--the transport of material out of a cell by means of a sac or vesicle that first engulfs the material and then is extruded through an opening in the cell membrane

Passive Transport---the movement of a chemical substance across a cell membrane without expenditure of energy by the cell

Active Transport---the movement of ions or molecules across a cellular membrane from a lower to a higher concentration, requiring the consumption of energy

Chromatin---the readily stainable substance of a cell nucleus, consisting of DNA, RNA, and various proteins, that forms chromosomes during cell division

Cell---a usually microscopic structure containing nuclear and cytoplasmic material enclosed by a semipermeable membrane and, in plants, a cell wall; the basic structural unit of all organisms

Cell Theory---cells are the basic units of structure and function in living organisms.

Pinocytosis---the transport of fluid into a cell by means of local infoldings by the cell membrane so that a tiny vesicle or sac forms around each droplet, which is then taken into the interior of the cytoplasm

Phagocytosis---the engulfing and ingestion of bacteria or other foreign bodies by phagocytes

Hypertonic---a solution of higher osmotic pressure than a comparison solution

Hypotonic-- a solution of lower osmotic pressure than a comparison solution

Nucleus---found in most living eukaryotic cells, directing their growth, metabolism, and reproduction, and functioning in the transmission of genic characters

Nucleolus--a conspicuous, rounded body within the nucleus of a cell

Nuclear Envelope---the double membrane surrounding the nucleus within a cell, also called nuclear membrane

Robert Hooke---(1635–1703) English philosopher, microscopist, and physicist